I did some sample editing in CEP 2.1 and found that I could create peaks that were more than twice (> +6 dB) the values of any of the samples.
Creating this wave needs some, err coincidences to occur if it were to happen in the real world. For a positive peak >> FS:
To give you a real world example consider the second track of VH's latest release:- The track's maximum sample peak is -0.1 dBFS.
- The track's maximum inter-sample peak is 3.3 dBFS.
- The maximum sample peak of a corresponding MP3 (via "lame -V2") is 2.0 dBFS.
- The maximum inter-sample peak of a corresponding MP3 (via "lame -V2") is even 3.5 dBFS.
pb@PETER-PC ~/test
$ r128gain --sample-peak 02_she_s_the_woman.wav
SoX sucessfully loaded.
FFmpeg sucessfully loaded.
analyzing ...
[1/1] "02_she_s_the_woman.wav": -5.6 LUFS (-17.4 LU)
peak: -0.1 SPFS, range: 2.1 LU
[ALBUM]: -5.6 LUFS (-17.4 LU)
peak: -0.1 SPFS, range: 2.1 LU
done.
pb@PETER-PC ~/test
$ r128gain --true-peak 02_she_s_the_woman.wav
SoX sucessfully loaded.
FFmpeg sucessfully loaded.
analyzing ...
[1/1] "02_she_s_the_woman.wav": -5.6 LUFS (-17.4 LU)
peak: 3.3 TPFS, range: 2.1 LU
[ALBUM]: -5.6 LUFS (-17.4 LU)
peak: 3.3 TPFS, range: 2.1 LU
done.
pb@PETER-PC ~/test
$ r128gain --sample-peak 02_she_s_the_woman.mp3
SoX sucessfully loaded.
FFmpeg sucessfully loaded.
analyzing ...
[1/1] "02_she_s_the_woman.mp3": -5.6 LUFS (-17.4 LU)
peak: 2.0 SPFS, range: 2.1 LU
[ALBUM]: -5.6 LUFS (-17.4 LU)
peak: 2.0 SPFS, range: 2.1 LU
done.
pb@PETER-PC ~/test
$ r128gain --true-peak 02_she_s_the_woman.mp3
SoX sucessfully loaded.
FFmpeg sucessfully loaded.
analyzing ...
[1/1] "02_she_s_the_woman.mp3": -5.6 LUFS (-17.4 LU)
peak: 3.5 TPFS, range: 2.1 LU
[ALBUM]: -5.6 LUFS (-17.4 LU)
peak: 3.5 TPFS, range: 2.1 LU
done.
pb@PETER-PC ~/test
$