In sensory testing people have developed all kings of corpuses to try and control the vocabulary bloat and mismatch often experienced with verbal descriptions.

There are informal vocabularies available for "high fidelity" sound reproduction (AES, EBU, Stereophile, etc). There are similar ones for wine tasters.

However, I haven't found a single gathered source of vocabulary meant to describe various artifacts often found/described in lossy audio compression?

I know the most common ones used here at HA and there are others scattered in the literature, but I haven't found a definitive source.

Is there such corpus available somewhere?

If there isn't one, I suggest you create one on the Hydrogenaudio Wiki.

http://ff123.net/training/training.html

Would this be a nice starting point reference?