(Why do you need to know this?)
The answer is
GetModuleFileName (note: there exists a utf-8 wrapped version uGetModuleFileName). As per the docs pass NULL for the module handle and you will get the path of the current process. You will need to process the path a bit to remove the process's filename.
Whatever you are doing, remember also core_api::get_profile_path() for the user profile directory (user settings and files etc.).